Pero acompañado a todo ello se encuentran los denominados "bienes públicos globales" que ciertamente constitutyen parte sustantiva de la estructura que pretendemos armar para permitir el desarrollo de nuestros países. Estos bienes públicos, especialmente la estabilidad del sistema financiero, la transparencia y la eliminación del acto delictivo internacional, incluyendo el combate de la transferencia ilícita de fondos, debe formar parte urgente de la agenda renovada de la cooperación internacional.

JORGE VALDEZ
Representante Permanente del Peru ante las Naciones Unidas
12 February 2001

Available at:
http://www.un.org/esa/ffd

Clearly, globalization does not have to lead to human insecurity because of the spread of illness. Nor does it have to contribute to inequity. Forces of globalization can be channelled so that they lead to a more just and equitable global society. We need to define key global public goods: Together, we need to identify areas in which the production and dissemination of essential goods at a reasonable price cannot be assured through normal market forces. In the health field, this includes essential vaccines, diagnostics, and medications.

GRO HARLEM BRUNDTLAND
Director-General, World Health Organization
"Speaking at the World Economic Forum: Addressing the challenges of unequal distribution"
29 January 2001

Available at:
http://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/2001/english/20010129_davosunequaldistr.en.html

Why are global policies and programs suddenly emerging from the shadows and showing up on the radar screen of the Bank and of OED? First and foremost, because of the urgent need to reverse global trends which do not appear to be sustainable…Over the past fifty years, carbon emissions have quadrupled. A sixth of the land area has been degraded. Fish stocks are down by one quarter. Deforestation is proceeding at the relentless rate of one acre per second. Wild species are becoming extinct at a rate 50 times higher than naturally. …If the Bank is moving to a higher operational plane, it is simply because global commons issues (ozone layer, climate change, bio-diversity loss, etc.) as well as such cross border spillovers as air and water pollution, contagious diseases and financial instability cannot be tackled effectively at the level of the individual country. Knowledge is replacing land and capital as the major source of national wealth. As a result, many poor nations are being marginalized given their lack of skills and connectivity. Hence, commonly agreed standards and new forms of international cooperation are urgently needed to reduce the instability and the inequities associated with globalization… Increasingly, the Bank Group is providing special help for poor and small countries unable to connect to the mighty engine of the global economy. It is also amplifying the voices of the poor in global policy fora and giving a fillip to the sorely neglected cause of development cooperation, a global public good.

ROBERT PICCIOTTO
Former Director General, Operations Evaluation
The World Bank
International Centers Week 2000
October 23 - 27, 2000
Washington, D.C.

"Is International Agricultural Research a Global Public Good?"
http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/publications/icw00/rpspeech.pdf

Only the development of safe, effective and affordable vaccines will provide a long-term and sustainable means to control the three major communicable diseases. The Round Table emphasised that these new vaccines and products will represent important 'global public goods' as they will benefit people in all countries and future generations as yet unborn.

"Report on The outcome of the High Level Round Table on accelerated action targeted at major communicable diseases within the context of poverty reduction: HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis"

Convened by the European Commission under the aegis of the French Presidency of the EU and co-sponsored by the World Health Organisation and UN
Brussels
28 September 2000

Available at:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/sector/social/rapport_en.htm

We welcome the growing recognition of the need to pay greater attention to development investments providing cross-border benefits. Global Public Goods tend to be underfunded and undersupplied, particularly in those areas where the most benefits would accrue to developing countries. We believe the World Bank and the regional development banks can make a major contribution in this area in ways that complement established priorities for poverty reduction.

The World Bank should focus its involvement on those areas in which a public good engagement is clearly linked to the development impact of the World Bank's country or regional work, such as areas directly related to poverty reduction, for instance communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS. The Bank's involvement should focus strongly on the support of capacities in developing countries with a view:

HEIDEMARIE WIECZOREK-ZEUL
Federal Minister for Economic Co-operation and Development, Germany
"Speaking at the Sixty Second Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries"
Prague, Czech Republic
25 September 2000

Available at:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dcs/devcom.nsf/(statementsattachmentweb)
/September2000EnglishDCS200047/$FILE/47-Zeul.pdf

Globalization in respect of trade, investment, services, knowledge and technology is a necessary requirement for economic growth, which in turn leads to poverty reduction in developing countries. But it is not sufficient. As rightly stated in the background paper circulated for discussion, public goods are commodities, services or resources with "shared benefit." We value identified public goods of international movement of goods, services and factors of production; fostering broad inclusion in the benefits of globalization and mitigating major economic and social problems, such as transmission of disease and the consequences of conflict; preserving and protecting the environment; and creating and sharing knowledge relevant to development. In this connection, it is of equal importance to remember that poverty amid plenty is the humanity's greatest challenge today.

E. A. S. SHARMA
Alternate Governor, India
"Speaking at the Sixty Second Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries"
Prague, Czech Republic

25 September 2000

Available at:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dcs/devcom.nsf/
(statementsattachmentweb)/September2000
EnglishDCS200050/$FILE/50-Sarma.pdf

I can see an important role for the Bank to play in the area of global public goods. To ensure that the Bank's involvement is commensurate with its mandate, I think we need to work on and clarify a number of issues. First of all, we need to make sure that the Bank's activities are part of a global consensus comprising all relevant actors, including the IMF, UN agencies, regional development banks, bilateral donors and the private sector. The Bank should use its convening power to foster such collaboration. [...] Finally, we need to evaluate the options for financing global public goods. A method has to be found to identify the best instruments and institutions for their delivery. This would help also to define inside the Bank what should be financed through regional or sectoral budgets, trust funds or special activities. I look forward to an early presentation of modalities, which are more operational. The UN Conference on Financing for Development will also have to address this matter.

PASCAL COUCHEPIN
Federal Councillor at the Ministry of Economy, Switzerland
"Speaking on behalf of Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic, Poland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmekistan and Uzbekistan at the Sixty Second Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries"
Prague, Czech Republic
25 September 2000

Available at:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dcs/devcom.nsf/(statementsattachmentweb)
/September2000EnglishDCS200061/$FILE/61-couchepin.pdf

Lorsqu'elle examine son rôle dans le domaine en évolution rapide des biens publics mondiaux, la Banque mondiale doit faire des choix difficiles. Il lui incombe de fonder ses décisions sur des principes directeurs clairs et des considérations pratiques, qu'elle doit savoir communiquer à ses partenaires et au grand public. Ce faisant, la Banque mondiale doit s'assurer que les autres intervenants dans le système international tiennent à sa participation et que cette dernière est constructive. En règle générale, dans le domaine des biens publics mondiaux, la Banque devrait chercher les occasions de promouvoir les dossiers prioritaires qui : contribuent aux efforts déployés à l'échelle mondiale pour réduire la pauvreté, en tenant compte tout particulièrement des objectifs en matière de développement et de la situation particulière de chaque pays; misent sur son propre capital intellectuel de réputation mondiale et sur son expérience générale dans le domaine de l'aide au développement; mettent l'accent sur des résultats donnés visibles et significatifs sur le plan stratégique et qui contribuent à accroître le bien-être des membres les plus pauvres de la société et à améliorer la qualité de vie et les possibilités dans les pays les plus pauvres.

PAUL MARTIN
Minister of Finances, Canada
"Speaking on behalf of Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbed, Belize, Canada, Dominican Republic, Grenade, Guyana, Ireland, Jamaica, Saint Kitties and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Sixty Second Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries"
Prague, Czech Republic
25 September 2000

Available at:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dcs/devcom.nsf/(statementsattachmentweb)
/September2000EnglishDCS200040/$FILE/40-1Martin.pdf

In the long run, with a view to sustaining the provision of Global Public Goods, we should aim at increased support for and participation of the private sector. This requires appropriate incentives for private and cooperative actors to invest in the production and dissemination of Global Public Goods. However, there is certainly a need for additional financing —mostly grant financing- to facilitate the provision of critical Global Public Goods in the short and medium term. Since the scope for substantial additional grant financing from World Bank resources is limited and the Bank's financial and institutional integrity must be preserved, three options might be considered: focussing the Bank's Development Grant Facility on the relevant purposes, enhanced cooperation with actors who normally provide grant financing pooling of (additional) grant funds along the model of the Global Environment Facility.

HEIDEMARIE WIECZOREK-ZEUL
Federal Minister for Economic Co-operation and Development, Germany
"Speaking at the Sixty Second Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries"
Prague, Czech Republic
25 September 2000

Available at:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dcs/devcom.nsf/(statementsattachmentweb)
/September2000EnglishDCS200047/$FILE/47-Zeul.pdf

The relationship between the Bank and the UN in promoting, defining and financing global public goods needs clarification. The Bank must develop a strategy for its involvement in global public goods […] The Nordic and Baltic countries encourage the World Bank to strive to attract new financing. We should aim at creating additionality when financing global public goods. The high level event next year on "Financing for Development" can help us in this endeavor. We strongly support the active participation of the World Bank in the preparations for the event.

[..]The collective effort to combat communicable diseases and especially HIV/AIDS is a clear cut example of a global public good. For the World Bank to contribute to the action against HIV/AIDS, it must not only look for ways to step up its own efforts. It must make sure that its efforts are coordinated with those of other involved actors, in particular with the other co-sponsors of UNAIDS. At the country level, this means working through the UN theme groups on HIV/AIDS. The International Partnership Against AIDS in Africa is a good example of how to promote a global public good.

ANNE KRISTIN SYNDES
Minister of International Development, Norway
"Speaking on behalf of the Nordic Baltic Countries at the Sixty Second Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting of the Boards of Governors of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on the Transfer of Real Resources to Developing Countries"
Prague, Czech Republic
25 September 2000

Available at:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dcs/devcom.nsf/(statementsattachmentweb)
/September2000EnglishDCS200056/$FILE/56-syndes.pdf

Action to limit the spread of communicable diseases and environmental degradation are critically important to all of us, particularly for the poor who suffer the most and are the least able to protect themselves. By their very nature, GPGs tend to be under-provided. The international community needs to look carefully at where the gaps are and how best to address these. Many GPGs are in fact regional public goods. There is a lot of work still to be done on which regional and international public goods are priorities for poverty reduction and how best to tackle their increased provision. The UK is supporting the UNDP led study into operationalising the concept of GPGs and the links to poverty reduction.

CLARE SHORT and GORDON BROWN
Secretary of State for International Development and Chancellor of the Exchequer United Kingdom respectively
"Statement to the Sixty Second Joint Ministerial Committee Meeting"
Prague
24 September 2000

Available at:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/dcs/devcom.nsf/(statementsattachmentweb)
/September2000EnglishDCS200057/$FILE/57-Short-Brown.pdf

Although governments disagree on many issues, but overall there is a broadening and deepening political consensus that governments must look out for the weaker members of society, and that strong nations have a comparable responsibility to pay much closer attention to the needs of weak ones. There is also agreement that the dynamism of the private sector is the indispensable engine driving economic growth, but that it does not, by itself, assure people-centered social development, or provide the essential global public goods. These things are achievable only when there is a balance between a robust private sector and an effective public sector at the national level, and an effective set of institutions at the international level.

JOHN LANGMORE
Business Times (Malaysia), "Globalisation must be managed more equitably".
24 July 2000

Global public goods need a much more prominent place on our development agenda than they have had to date […] There would be no Internet, no sequenced human genome, and no eradication of any major disease, without public sector action. Nor can any of these issues begin to be addressed in a purely national context - even in the US, let alone in countries that are far smaller and poorer.

LAWRENCE H. SUMMERS
"Speech on Development and integration: toward a new global consensus"
5 July 2000

Available at:
http://www.treas.gov/press/releases/ls750.htm

Entretanto, as questões mundiais que figuram no topo das preocupações políticas constituem um segundo tipo de bens públicos, que não estão mais apenas "fora" dos Estados, mas atravessam fronteiras, saindo assim do campo restrito das "relações exteriores". Durante muito tempo, consideramos os bens públicos naturais (a camada de ozônio, por exemplo) como bens gratuitos, e consumimos estes bens de maneira desenfreada. Medidas corretivas, como uma redução do uso de clorofluorcarbonos (CFC) e de energias não renováveis, devem agora ser aplicados em todas as partes no plano nacional.

Em um sentido, estes bens públicos globais, que se supunha estarem "fora" dos limites nacionais, tornaram-se problemas de política nacional. Por outro lado, bens públicos tradicionalmente considerados como nacionais (a saúde, a gestão de conhecimentos, a eficácia do mercado, a estabilidade financeira, ou mesmo a lei, a ordem, os direitos humanos ou a justiça econômica), ultrapassam o domínio da soberania nacional. Se, por exemplo, a vigilância de epidemias constitui, há mais de cem anos, um dos pivôs da cooperação internacional, seu funcionamento não pode mais apoiar-se sobre a simples coordenação de sistemas nacionais de alarme.

INGE KAUL
"A hora dos bens públicos globais"
Le Monde diplomatique
June 2000

Available at:
http://www.diplo.com.br/aberto/0006/12.htm

The World Bank should be broadly responsible for international support for growth and lasting human development in the poorest countries. Its role in the emerging market economies should be confined to where it can deploy its unique capacity to apply conditions, to respond to emergencies and to finance crucial social investments. It should have an increased role in supporting the development of global public goods such as vaccines for diseases such as HlV/Aids and better environmental protections.

LAWRENCE SUMMERS
Financial Times (London), "COMMENT & ANALYSIS: The troubling aspects of IMF reform"
23 March 2000

When we talk about international public goods, we are also talking about the regulatory framework that makes us a more civilized global village, which can have good governments, and have regimes that promote not only fair trade, but also sustainable environmental development. It's important to recognize that these international public goods cannot simply be generated by the developed world.

The developing world must be an active participant in the generation of international public goods, and it cannot do so unless it is enabled by an efficient and high quality higher education system. It is therefore very important for us as a global community to be enabling and supporting reform, and strengthening higher education systems all over the world to help us meet these challenges.

I also believe that we have to look at the fact that you cannot have international public goods - or any good - without being willing to make the public investment to generate those goods. We make the case in this report for not only talking philosophically about higher education as a public good - or indeed linking it to the WDR report 2000/01 - or just talking about international public goods without being willing to make the international public investment in generation of these goods.

MAMPHELA RAMPHELE
Co-chair of the Task Force for Higher Education
Launch of The Higher Education Task Force Report
Omni Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C.
1 March 2000

Available at:
http://www.tfhe.net/resources/mamphelaramphele.htm

In health there are vital goods, services and values that the market will not deliver. In no other area is the need for a modern, vigilant and effective public sector response stronger. WHO has to be in the forefront in arguing the case for global public goods.

GRO HARLEM BRUNDLANDT
"Towards a strategic agenda for the WHO Secretariat: Statement by the Director-General to the Executive Board at its 105th session"
24 January 2000

Availbale at:
http://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/2000/20000124_eb.html

Knowledge is a global public good requiring public support at the global level. The current arrangements can be made to work effectively, but if they are to succeed, we must all be aware of the dangers and pitfalls. Some countries may try to free-ride on others; they may try to capture more of the returns that are available from the use of the global knowledge commons; they may see their self-interest enhanced more by taking out of the global knowledge commons than contributing to it, in supporting research to design patentable applications rather in supporting basic research. […] The challenge facing the international community is whether they can make our current system of voluntary, cooperative governance work in the collective interests of all.

JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ

Available at:
http://www.worldbank.org/knowledge/chiefecon/articles/undpk2/index.htm

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